🇮🇳 The Constitution of India 🇮🇳

Complete Guide with All Parts, Articles, Clauses & Explanations

Specially Designed for SSC & UPSC Aspirants

📌 Quick Reference Guide

🔴 Important for SSC/UPSC
🔵 General Articles
🟢 Gandhian Principles (DPSP)
🔵 Socialistic Principles (DPSP)
🔴 Liberal Principles (DPSP)

📜 The Preamble

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

📖 Quick Navigation - All 22 Parts

PART I: THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY (Articles 1-4)
Article 1 Name and territory of the Union ⭐ IMPORTANT
India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule. The territory of India shall comprise the territories of the States, the Union territories, and such other territories as may be acquired.
Article 2 Admission or establishment of new States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit.
Article 2A [Repealed - Sikkim merger related]
Article 3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law form a new State by separation of territory from any State, increase the area of any State, diminish the area of any State, alter the boundaries of any State, or alter the name of any State.
Key Point: Such a bill can be introduced only on the recommendation of the President and after referring to the concerned State Legislature.
Article 4 Laws made under articles 2 and 3
Laws made for admission or establishment of new States and for formation of new States are not considered constitutional amendments under Article 368.
PART II: CITIZENSHIP (Articles 5-11)
Article 5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution ⭐ IMPORTANT
At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in the territory of India and was born in India, or either of whose parents was born in India, or who has been ordinarily resident in India for not less than five years, shall be a citizen of India.
Article 6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
Deals with citizenship rights of persons who migrated from Pakistan to India after March 1, 1947.
Article 7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan
Deals with citizenship rights of persons who migrated from India to Pakistan after March 1, 1947.
Article 8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
Deals with citizenship rights of persons of Indian origin residing outside India whose parents or grandparents were born in India.
Article 9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens
No person shall be a citizen of India if they have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign State.
Article 10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship
Every person who is a citizen of India shall continue to be such citizen subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament.
Article 11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law regulate the acquisition, termination, and all other matters relating to citizenship. This is the basis for the Citizenship Act, 1955.
PART III: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (Articles 12-35)

General

Article 12 Definition of State ⭐ IMPORTANT
Defines "State" for Part III. Includes Government of India, Parliament, State Governments, State Legislatures, all local authorities, and other authorities within India or under control of Government of India.
Article 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights ⭐ IMPORTANT
All laws in force before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with Fundamental Rights, shall be void. The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges Fundamental Rights.

Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)

Article 14 Equality before law ⭐ IMPORTANT
The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
Key Point: Based on British concept "Rule of Law". Two aspects: (1) Equality before law (2) Equal protection of laws.
Article 15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth ⭐ IMPORTANT
The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
Clause (3): Special provisions for women and children are permitted.
Clause (4): Special provisions for advancement of SCs, STs, and other backward classes.
Clause (5): Reservation in educational institutions (added by 93rd Amendment, 2005).
Article 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
Clause (4): Reservation in public employment for backward classes.
Clause (4A): Reservation in promotion for SCs/STs.
Article 17 Abolition of Untouchability ⭐ IMPORTANT
Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of Untouchability shall be an offence punishable by law.
Key Point: Only Fundamental Right enforceable against private individuals.
Article 18 Abolition of titles ⭐ IMPORTANT
No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.

Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)

Article 19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
All citizens shall have the right to:
(a) Freedom of speech and expression
(b) Assemble peaceably and without arms
(c) Form associations or unions
(d) Move freely throughout the territory of India
(e) Reside and settle in any part of India
(g) Practice any profession, or carry on any occupation, trade or business
Article 20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences ⭐ IMPORTANT
No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of commission. No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty ⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
Key Point: Most important Fundamental Right. Basis for Right to Privacy, Right to Dignity, etc.
Article 21A Right to education ⭐ IMPORTANT
The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years. Added by 86th Amendment Act, 2002.
Article 22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed of the grounds. Right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner.

Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)

Article 23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour ⭐ IMPORTANT
Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited. Any contravention shall be an offence punishable by law.
Article 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)

Article 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion ⭐ IMPORTANT
All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion.
Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs
Every religious denomination has the right to establish and maintain institutions, manage its own affairs, own and acquire property.
Article 27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion.
Article 28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction in certain educational institutions
No religious instruction shall be provided in educational institutions wholly maintained out of State funds.

Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)

Article 29 Protection of interests of minorities ⭐ IMPORTANT
Any section of citizens residing in India having a distinct language, script or culture shall have the right to conserve the same.
Article 30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions ⭐ IMPORTANT
All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32-35)

Article 32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part ⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
The right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights is itself a Fundamental Right. Dr. Ambedkar called it "the heart and soul of the Constitution".
Writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto
Article 33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights in their application to Forces, etc.
Parliament may determine the extent to which Fundamental Rights apply to members of Armed Forces.
Article 34 Restriction on rights while martial law is in force
Parliament may indemnify any person for acts done during martial law.
Article 35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part
Parliament has the power to make laws for giving effect to Fundamental Rights.
PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (Articles 36-51)

🕊️ Gandhian Principles

  • Article 40: Organisation of Village Panchayats
  • Article 43: Promotion of cottage industries
  • Article 43B: Promotion of co-operative societies
  • Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and weaker sections
  • Article 47: Prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs
  • Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry

☭ Socialistic Principles

  • Article 38: State to secure a social order for welfare of people
  • Article 39: Principles of policy to be followed by the State
  • Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid
  • Article 41: Right to work, education and public assistance
  • Article 42: Just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
  • Article 43: Living wage for workers
  • Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries
  • Article 47: Raise level of nutrition and standard of living

🗽 Liberal-Intellectual Principles

  • Article 44: Uniform Civil Code for citizens
  • Article 45: Free and compulsory education for children
  • Article 48: Protection of environment and wildlife
  • Article 49: Protection of monuments and places of national importance
  • Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive
  • Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security

All DPSP Articles with Explanations

Article 36 Definition
Defines "State" as having the same meaning as in Part III (Fundamental Rights).
Article 37 Application of the principles contained in this Part
DPSPs are not enforceable by any court, but are fundamental in governance and State shall apply them in making laws.
Article 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall strive to promote welfare of people by securing and protecting a social order wherein justice - social, economic and political - shall inform all institutions of national life.
Article 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall direct its policy towards securing: adequate means of livelihood, equitable distribution of material resources, prevention of concentration of wealth, equal pay for equal work, protection of workers and children.
Article 39A Equal justice and free legal aid ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity and provide free legal aid. Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976.
Article 40 Organisation of village panchayats ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with powers and authority to function as units of self-government.
Article 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance.
Article 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.
Article 43 Living wage, etc., for workers ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall endeavour to secure to all workers a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life, and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities.
Article 43A Participation of workers in management of industries
State shall take steps to secure participation of workers in management of undertakings, establishments or other organisations. Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976.
Article 43B Promotion of co-operative societies ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies. Added by 97th Amendment, 2011.
Article 44 Uniform civil code for the citizens ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
Article 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. (Now covered by Article 21A)
Article 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and other weaker sections ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections, particularly SCs and STs, and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.
Article 47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall regard raising the level of nutrition and standard of living and improvement of public health as primary duties. Also includes prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs.
Article 48 Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry
State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and prohibit slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle.
Article 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976.
Article 49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
State shall protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest declared by Parliament to be of national importance.
Article 50 Separation of judiciary from the executive ⭐ IMPORTANT
State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.
Article 51 Promotion of international peace and security
State shall endeavour to promote international peace and security, maintain just and honourable relations between nations, foster respect for international law, and encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
PART IVA: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (Article 51A)
Article 51A Fundamental Duties ⭐ IMPORTANT
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to:
(a) Abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem
(b) Cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom
(c) Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
(d) Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
(e) Promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood, transcend religious, linguistic and regional diversities
(f) Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
(g) Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife
(h) Develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform
(i) Safeguard public property and abjure violence
(j) Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity
(k) Provide opportunities for education to child/ward between 6-14 years (Added by 86th Amendment, 2002)
PART V: THE UNION (Articles 52-151)

Chapter I: The Executive (The President and Vice-President)

Article 52 The President of India ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a President of India.
Article 53 The executive power of the Union ⭐ IMPORTANT
The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him.
Article 54 Election of President ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of Legislative Assemblies of States.
Article 55 Manner of election of President ⭐ IMPORTANT
The election shall be held by proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The voting is by secret ballot.
Article 56 Term of office of President ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President shall hold office for a term of five years. Can be removed by impeachment for violation of the Constitution.
Article 57 Eligibility for re-election
A person who holds office as President shall be eligible for re-election to that office.
Article 58 Qualifications for election as President ⭐ IMPORTANT
Must be a citizen of India, completed 35 years of age, qualified for election as a member of Lok Sabha, and shall not hold any office of profit.
Article 59 Conditions of President's office
The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State.
Article 60 Oath or affirmation by the President
Every President shall make oath to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law.
Article 61 Procedure for impeachment of the President ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may be removed from office by the process of impeachment for "violation of the Constitution". Requires 14 days notice and 2/3rd majority of total membership of both Houses.
Article 62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy ⭐ IMPORTANT
An election to fill a vacancy caused by death, resignation or removal shall be held as soon as possible after, and in no case later than six months from, the date of occurrence.
Article 63 The Vice-President of India ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Vice-President of India.
Article 64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Vice-President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and shall not hold any other office of profit.
Article 65 The Vice-President to act as President ⭐ IMPORTANT
In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President, the Vice-President shall act as President until a new President is elected.
Article 66 Election of Vice-President ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Vice-President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament.
Article 67 Term of office of Vice-President
The Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years.
Article 72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence.
Article 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall act in accordance with such advice.
Article 75 Other provisions as to Ministers ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President.
Article 76 Attorney-General for India
The President shall appoint a person qualified to be a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney-General for India.

Chapter II: Parliament

Article 79 Constitution of Parliament ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall consist of the President and two Houses: Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha).
Article 80 Composition of the Council of States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Rajya Sabha shall consist of not more than 250 members: 238 representatives of States and Union territories, and 12 nominated by President for special knowledge in literature, science, art and social service.
Article 81 Composition of the House of the People ⭐ IMPORTANT
Lok Sabha shall consist of not more than 550 members: up to 530 from States, up to 20 from Union territories, and not more than 2 Anglo-Indians nominated by President (now abolished by 104th Amendment).
Article 83 Duration of Houses of Parliament ⭐ IMPORTANT
Rajya Sabha is a permanent House not subject to dissolution. One-third members retire every second year. Lok Sabha continues for 5 years unless dissolved earlier.
Article 105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every House of Parliament and its members and committees shall have certain powers, privileges and immunities.
Article 107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, a Bill may originate in either House and shall not be deemed to have been passed except by both Houses.
Article 108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases ⭐ IMPORTANT
If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House, there is a deadlock, the President may summon both Houses to meet in a joint sitting.
Article 109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills ⭐ IMPORTANT
A Money Bill shall not be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It can only be introduced in Lok Sabha with prior recommendation of President.
Article 110 Definition of Money Bills ⭐ IMPORTANT
A Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with taxation, borrowing, custody of Consolidated Fund, appropriation of moneys, etc.
Article 111 Assent to Bills ⭐ IMPORTANT
When a Bill has been passed by both Houses, it shall be presented to the President who may give assent, withhold assent, or return the Bill for reconsideration.
Article 112 Annual financial statement (Budget) ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both Houses a statement of estimated receipts and expenditure (Annual Financial Statement/Budget).
Article 123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament ⭐ IMPORTANT
If at any time, except when both Houses are in session, the President is satisfied that circumstances exist requiring immediate action, he may promulgate Ordinances.

Chapter IV: The Union Judiciary

Article 124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice and such number of other Judges as Parliament may by law prescribe.
Appointment: By President after consultation with Judges of SC and HC.
Article 124A National Judicial Appointments Commission ⭐ IMPORTANT
NJAC was established by 99th Constitutional Amendment, 2014 but declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court in 2015.
Article 129 Supreme Court to be a court of record ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for its contempt.
Article 131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court ⭐ IMPORTANT
Original jurisdiction in disputes between Government of India and States, between States, etc.
Article 136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court ⭐ IMPORTANT
Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed by any court or tribunal.
Article 141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts ⭐ IMPORTANT
The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.
Article 142 Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court ⭐ IMPORTANT
Supreme Court may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it.
Article 143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court ⭐ IMPORTANT
If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen which is of such public importance, he may refer it to Supreme Court for opinion.
Article 148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor-General of India who shall be appointed by the President.
Article 149 Duties and powers of the CAG ⭐ IMPORTANT
The CAG shall perform such duties and exercise such powers as may be prescribed by Parliament.
PART VI: THE STATES (Articles 152-237)

Chapter I: General

Article 152 Definition
"State" means a State specified in the First Schedule and shall not include Union territories.

Chapter II: The Executive (The Governor)

Article 153 Governors of States ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Governor for each State. One person may be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
Article 154 Executive power of State ⭐ IMPORTANT
The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him.
Article 155 Appointment of Governor ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
Article 156 Term of office of Governor ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President for a term of five years.
Article 161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Governor shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
Article 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor who shall act in accordance with such advice.
Article 164 Other provisions as to Ministers ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.
Article 165 Advocate-General for the State
The Governor of each State shall appoint a person qualified to be a Judge of a High Court to be Advocate-General for the State.

Chapter III: The State Legislature

Article 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States ⭐ IMPORTANT
For every State there shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor and two Houses (Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly) or one House (Legislative Assembly).
Article 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law create or abolish the Legislative Council in a State if the Legislative Assembly passes a resolution to that effect by special majority.
Article 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Legislative Assembly shall consist of not more than 500 and not less than 60 members chosen by direct election.
Article 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils ⭐ IMPORTANT
The total number of members in the Legislative Council shall not exceed one-third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly.
Article 172 Duration of State Legislatures ⭐ IMPORTANT
Legislative Assembly continues for 5 years unless dissolved earlier. Legislative Council is a permanent House not subject to dissolution.
Article 200 Assent to Bills ⭐ IMPORTANT
When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly or both Houses, it shall be presented to the Governor who may give assent, withhold assent, or reserve for consideration of the President.
Article 213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature ⭐ IMPORTANT
If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly is in session, the Governor is satisfied that circumstances exist requiring immediate action, he may promulgate Ordinances.

Chapter V: The High Courts in the States

Article 214 High Courts for States ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a High Court for each State.
Article 215 High Courts to be courts of record ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for its contempt.
Article 226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs ⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
Every High Court shall have power to issue directions, orders or writs including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.
Article 227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every High Court shall have power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
Article 233 Appointment of district judges ⭐ IMPORTANT
Appointments of district judges shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court.
PART VIII: THE UNION TERRITORIES (Articles 239-242)
Article 239 Administration of Union territories ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every Union territory shall be administered by the President acting through an administrator to be appointed by him.
Article 239AA Special provisions with respect to Delhi ⭐ IMPORTANT
As from the commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi and shall have a Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers.
Article 239AB Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery ⭐ IMPORTANT
If on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor, the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the administration cannot be carried on, he may suspend the Legislative Assembly.
Article 240 Power of the President to make regulations for certain Union territories
The President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of Union territories like Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, etc.
Article 241 High Courts for Union territories
Parliament may by law constitute a High Court for a Union territory or declare any court in any such territory to be a High Court.
PART IX: THE PANCHAYATS (Articles 243-243O)
Article 243 Definitions ⭐ IMPORTANT
Defines "district", "Gram Sabha", "intermediate level", "Panchayat", "population", "village".
Article 243A Gram Sabha ⭐ IMPORTANT
A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may by law provide.
Article 243B Constitution of Panchayats ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be constituted in every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels.
Article 243D Reservation of seats ⭐ IMPORTANT
Seats shall be reserved for SCs, STs, and women (not less than one-third) in Panchayats.
Article 243E Duration of Panchayats, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every Panchayat shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. Elections must be completed before expiry of term.
Article 243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, the Legislature of a State may by law endow Panchayats with powers and authority to function as institutions of self-government.
Article 243-I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Governor of a State shall constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats and make recommendations.
Article 243K Elections to the Panchayats ⭐ IMPORTANT
The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of all elections to the Panchayats shall be vested in a State Election Commission.
PART IXA: THE MUNICIPALITIES (Articles 243P-243ZG)
Article 243P Definitions ⭐ IMPORTANT
Defines "Committee", "district", "Metropolitan area", "Municipal area", "Municipality", "Nagar Panchayat", "Nagar Palika", "Nagar Nigam", "population".
Article 243Q Constitution of Municipalities ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be constituted in every State: Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation.
Article 243T Reservation of seats ⭐ IMPORTANT
Seats shall be reserved for SCs, STs, and women (not less than one-third) in Municipalities.
Article 243U Duration of Municipalities, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every Municipality shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. Elections must be completed before expiry of term.
Article 243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, the Legislature of a State may by law endow Municipalities with powers and authority to function as institutions of self-government.
Article 243Z Elections to the Municipalities ⭐ IMPORTANT
The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of all elections to the Municipalities shall be vested in a State Election Commission.
PART IXB: THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES (Articles 243ZH-243ZT)
Article 243ZH Definitions ⭐ IMPORTANT
Defines "co-operative society", "multi-state co-operative society", "State Legislature", "State level co-operative society".
Article 243ZI Incorporation of co-operative societies ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the incorporation, regulation and winding up of co-operative societies.
Article 243ZJ Number and term of members of the board and its office bearers ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the number of members of board and their term of office.
Article 243ZK Election of members of board ⭐ IMPORTANT
The election of members of board and other office bearers of co-operative societies shall be held before expiry of term.
Article 243ZM Audit of accounts of co-operative societies ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the co-operative societies and the auditing of such accounts.
PART X: THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS (Articles 244-244A)
Article 244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas ⭐ IMPORTANT
Provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply to Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. Provisions of the Sixth Schedule shall apply to Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Article 244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law form within the State of Assam an autonomous State comprising all or any of the tribal areas specified in Part I of the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule.
PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES (Articles 245-263)

Chapter I: Legislative Relations

Article 245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India. The Legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of the State.
Article 246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament has exclusive power to make laws on Union List (List I). State Legislatures have exclusive power on State List (List II). Both can make laws on Concurrent List (List III).
Clause (4): Parliament has power to make laws on any matter for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country.
Article 246A Special provision with respect to goods and services tax ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament and State Legislature have concurrent power to make laws with respect to GST. Added by 101st Amendment, 2016.
Article 248 Residuary powers of legislation ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in Concurrent List or State List.
Article 249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest ⭐ IMPORTANT
If Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by 2/3rd majority that it is necessary in national interest, Parliament can make laws on State List matters.
Article 250 Power of Parliament to legislate during Emergency ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything, Parliament shall, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, have power to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India with respect to any matter in State List.
Article 253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament has power to make any law for the whole or any part of the territory of India for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country.
Article 254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States ⭐ IMPORTANT
If any provision of law made by State Legislature is repugnant to law made by Parliament on Concurrent List, the law made by Parliament shall prevail.

Chapter II: Administrative Relations

Article 256 Obligation of States and the Union ⭐ IMPORTANT
The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance with the laws made by Parliament and any existing laws which apply in that State.
Article 257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases ⭐ IMPORTANT
The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the Union.
Article 262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of any inter-State river or river valley.
Article 263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council ⭐ IMPORTANT
If at any time it appears to the President that the public interests would be served by the establishment of a Council charged with the duty of investigating and discussing subjects of common interest, he may by order establish such a Council.
PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS (Articles 264-300A)

Chapter I: Finance

Article 265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law ⭐ IMPORTANT
No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law.
Article 266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States ⭐ IMPORTANT
All revenues received by Government of India, all loans raised, all moneys received in repayment of loans shall form one consolidated fund. No money out of Consolidated Fund shall be appropriated except in accordance with law.
Article 267 Contingency Fund
Parliament may by law establish a Contingency Fund for unforeseen expenditure.
Article 268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Such stamp duties and other duties as may be levied by the Union but collected by the States shall be assigned to the States.
Article 269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Taxes on sale or purchase of goods (other than newspapers), taxes on consignment of goods shall be levied and collected by Government of India but assigned to the States.
Article 269A Levy and collection of goods and services tax in the course of inter-state trade or commerce ⭐ IMPORTANT
GST on inter-state trade or commerce shall be levied and collected by the Government of India and distributed between Union and States. Added by 101st Amendment, 2016.
Article 270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States ⭐ IMPORTANT
All taxes and duties referred to in the Union List shall be levied and collected by Government of India and distributed between Union and States.
Article 279A Goods and Services Tax Council ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President shall constitute a GST Council consisting of Union Finance Minister (Chairperson), Union Minister of State for Finance, and Finance Ministers of States. Added by 101st Amendment, 2016.
Article 280 Finance Commission ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President shall constitute a Finance Commission within two years from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year.
Article 292 Borrowing by the Government of India ⭐ IMPORTANT
The executive power of the Union extends to borrowing upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of India within such limits as may be fixed by Parliament.
Article 293 Borrowing by States ⭐ IMPORTANT
The executive power of a State extends to borrowing within the territory of India upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State. A State may not borrow without consent of Government of India if there is outstanding loan.

Chapter IV: Right to Property

Article 300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law ⭐ IMPORTANT
No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law. This is a legal right, not a Fundamental Right (removed from Part III by 44th Amendment, 1978).
PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE, AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA (Articles 301-307)
Article 301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to the other provisions of this Part, trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free.
Article 302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest.
Article 304 Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything, the Legislature of a State may by law impose reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse with or within that State as may be required in the public interest.
Article 307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304
Parliament may by law appoint such authority as it considers appropriate for carrying out the purposes of Articles 301 to 304.
PART XIV: SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES (Articles 308-323)

Chapter I: Services

Article 308 Interpretation ⭐ IMPORTANT
Defines "civil services", "civil posts", "existing services", "State".
Article 309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, Parliament or State Legislature may regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to civil services and posts.
Article 310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every person who is a member of a civil service or holds a civil post shall hold office during the pleasure of the President or Governor.
Article 311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities ⭐ IMPORTANT
No person holding any civil post shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed. No such person shall be dismissed, removed or reduced in rank except after an inquiry.
Article 312 All-India services ⭐ IMPORTANT
If Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by 2/3rd majority that it is necessary in national interest, Parliament may by law provide for creation of All-India services.

Chapter II: Public Service Commissions

Article 315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State.
Article 316 Appointment and term of office of members ⭐ IMPORTANT
Chairman and members of UPSC shall be appointed by the President. Chairman and members of State PSC shall be appointed by the Governor. Term is 6 years or until age of 65 (UPSC) or 62 (State PSC).
Article 317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission ⭐ IMPORTANT
Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on ground of misbehaviour after Supreme Court inquiry.
Article 320 Functions of Public Service Commissions ⭐ IMPORTANT
It shall be the duty of UPSC and State PSCs to conduct examinations for appointments to services, advise on matters of recruitment, promotions, disciplinary matters, etc.
Article 323 Reports of Public Service Commissions ⭐ IMPORTANT
It shall be the duty of the Union Commission to present annually to the President a report on the work done by the Commission.
PART XIVA: TRIBUNALS (Articles 323A-323B)
Article 323A Administrative tribunals ⭐ IMPORTANT
Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication or trial by administrative tribunals of disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services. Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976.
Article 323B Tribunals for other matters ⭐ IMPORTANT
The appropriate Legislature may by law provide for the adjudication or trial by tribunals of matters relating to tax, foreign exchange, industrial and labour disputes, land reforms, ceiling on urban property, elections, rent and tenancy rights, foodstuffs. Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976.
PART XV: ELECTIONS (Articles 324-329A)
Article 324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission ⭐ IMPORTANT
The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offices of President and Vice-President shall be vested in a Commission (Election Commission).
Article 325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency for election to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State and no person shall be ineligible for inclusion on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or any of them.
Article 326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage ⭐ IMPORTANT
The elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage. Every person who is a citizen of India and not less than 18 years of age shall be entitled to be registered as a voter.
Article 327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, Parliament may from time to time by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to elections to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State.
Article 328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, the Legislature of a State may from time to time by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to elections to the Houses of the Legislature of the State.
Article 329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies shall not be called in question in any court.
PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES (Articles 330-342A)
Article 330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People ⭐ IMPORTANT
Seats shall be reserved in the House of the People for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Article 331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may nominate not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian community to the House of the People if he is of opinion that the community is not adequately represented. (Now abolished by 104th Amendment, 2019)
Article 332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States ⭐ IMPORTANT
Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of every State.
Article 334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years ⭐ IMPORTANT
The provisions regarding reservation of seats for SCs/STs and nomination of Anglo-Indians shall cease to have effect on the expiration of sixty years from the commencement of this Constitution. (Extended by 104th Amendment, 2019 till 2030)
Article 335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts ⭐ IMPORTANT
The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts.
Article 338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
Article 338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. Added by 89th Amendment, 2003.
Article 338B National Commission for Backward Classes ⭐ IMPORTANT
There shall be a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be known as the National Commission for Backward Classes. Added by 102nd Amendment, 2018.
Article 339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may appoint a Commission to report on administration of Scheduled Areas and welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
Article 340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may by order appoint a Commission consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes.
Article 341 Scheduled Castes ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may specify the castes, races or tribes which shall be deemed to be Scheduled Castes.
Article 342 Scheduled Tribes ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may specify the tribes or tribal communities which shall be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.
Article 342A Socially and educationally backward classes ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may specify the socially and educationally backward classes. Added by 102nd Amendment, 2018.
PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE (Articles 343-351)

Chapter I: Language of the Union

Article 343 Official language of the Union ⭐ IMPORTANT
The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. English to continue for 15 years from commencement.
Article 344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President shall constitute a Commission to make recommendations on progressive use of Hindi, restrictions on English, language for Union communications, etc.

Chapter II: Regional Languages

Article 345 Official language or languages of a State ⭐ IMPORTANT
Subject to provisions, the Legislature of a State may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the official language of that State.
Article 346 Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union ⭐ IMPORTANT
The language for the time being authorised to be used in the Union shall be the official language for communication between one State and another State and between a State and the Union.

Chapter III: Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc.

Article 348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court shall be in the English language. The authoritative texts of all Bills, Acts, Ordinances, etc. shall be in English.

Chapter IV: Special Directives

Article 350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances ⭐ IMPORTANT
Every person shall be entitled to submit a representation for the redress of any grievance to any officer or authority of the Union or a State in any of the languages used in the Union or in the State.
Article 350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage ⭐ IMPORTANT
It shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups.
Article 351 Directive for development of the Hindi language ⭐ IMPORTANT
It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all elements of the composite culture of India.
PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS (Articles 352-360)
Article 352 Proclamation of Emergency ⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may issue a Proclamation of Emergency.
Types: (1) National Emergency (War, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion) (2) State Emergency (3) Financial Emergency
Article 353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency ⭐ IMPORTANT
While a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to any State as to the manner in which the executive power thereof is to be exercised.
Article 354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, by order direct that all or any of the provisions of Articles 268 to 279 shall for such period as may be specified in the order, have effect subject to such exceptions or modifications as he thinks fit.
Article 355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance ⭐ IMPORTANT
It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
Article 356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States ⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, he may issue a Proclamation.
Popularly known as: President's Rule / State Emergency
Article 357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356 ⭐ IMPORTANT
Where by a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of article 356, it has been declared that the powers of the Legislature of the State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament.
Article 358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies ⭐ IMPORTANT
While a Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war or external aggression is in operation, nothing in article 19 shall restrict the power of the State.
Article 359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies ⭐ IMPORTANT
Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the President may by order declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by Part III as may be mentioned in the order shall remain suspended.
Article 360 Provisions as to financial emergency ⭐ IMPORTANT
If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a Proclamation make a declaration to that effect.
PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS (Articles 361-367)
Article 361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office or for any act done or purporting to be done by him in the exercise and performance of those powers and duties.
Article 361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures ⭐ IMPORTANT
No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of the publication by a person under the authority of the House of Parliament or the House of the Legislature of a State of a substantially true report of any proceedings of either House. Added by 44th Amendment, 1978.
Article 361B Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post ⭐ IMPORTANT
A member of a House belonging to any political party who is disqualified for being a member of the House under paragraph 2 of the Tenth Schedule shall also be disqualified for being appointed to any remunerative political post. Added by 91st Amendment, 2003.
Article 363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution but subject to the provisions of article 143, neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in any dispute arising out of any provision of a treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar instrument.
Article 363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution or in any law for the time being in force, the Prince, Chief or other person recognised as the Ruler of an Indian State shall cease to be recognised as such Ruler. Added by 26th Amendment, 1971.
Article 365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union ⭐ IMPORTANT
Where any State has failed to comply with, or to give effect to, any directions given in the exercise of the executive power of the Union, it shall be lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
Article 366 Definitions ⭐ IMPORTANT
Defines various terms used in the Constitution including "agricultural income", "article", "Borrow", "clause", "corporation tax", "debt", "estate duty", "existing law", "Federal Court", "goods", "guarantee", "High Court", "High Court judge", "income", "Indian State", "law", "medical practitioner", "Part", "person", "pension", "Railway", "Rajpramukh", "Ruler", "Schedule", "Scheduled Castes", "Scheduled Tribes", "security", "tax", "taxation", "Union", "Union List", "State", "State List", "Concurrent List", "Tribal area", "Union territory", "Valuation".
Article 367 Interpretation ⭐ IMPORTANT
Unless the context otherwise requires, the General Clauses Act, 1897 shall apply for the interpretation of this Constitution as it applies for the interpretation of an Act of the Legislature of the Dominion of India.
PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION (Article 368)
Article 368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor ⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article.
Types of Amendments: (1) Simple majority (2) Special majority (3) Special majority + ratification by 1/2 States
Basic Structure Doctrine: Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) - Parliament cannot amend the basic structure of the Constitution.
PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS (Articles 369-392)
Article 369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament shall, during a period of five years from the commencement of this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to trade and commerce within a State, production, supply and distribution of goods.
Article 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ⭐ MOST IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify. (Abrogated by Presidential Order, August 2019)
Article 371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by order made with respect to the State of Maharashtra or Gujarat, provide for any special responsibility of the Governor.
Article 371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, no Act of Parliament in respect of religious or social practices of the Nagas, Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, ownership and transfer of land and its resources shall apply to the State of Nagaland.
Article 371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by order made with respect to the State of Assam, provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly consisting of members elected from the tribal areas.
Article 371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may by order made with respect to the State of Manipur, provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly consisting of members elected from the Hill Areas.
Article 371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may by order made with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh, provide for equitable opportunities and facilities for people from different parts of the State in public employment and education.
Article 371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shall consist of not less than thirty-two members.
Article 371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, no Act of Parliament in respect of religious or social practices of the Mizos, Mizo customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law, ownership and transfer of land shall apply to the State of Mizoram.
Article 371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh ⭐ IMPORTANT
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Arunachal Pradesh shall consist of not less than thirty members.
Article 371J Special provision with respect to the State of Karnataka ⭐ IMPORTANT
The President may by order made with respect to the State of Karnataka, provide for equitable opportunities and facilities for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region.
Article 392 Power of the President to remove difficulties ⭐ IMPORTANT
For the purpose of removing any difficulties, particularly in relation to the transition from the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 to the provisions of this Constitution, the President may by order make such provisions as appear to him to be necessary or expedient.
PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS (Articles 393-395)
Article 393 Short title ⭐ IMPORTANT
This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India.
Article 394 Commencement ⭐ IMPORTANT
This article and articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 shall come into force at once, and the remaining provisions of this Constitution shall come into force on the twenty-sixth day of January, 1950.
Article 394A Authoritative text in the Hindi language ⭐ IMPORTANT
The authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi shall be published by the President. Added by 58th Amendment, 1987.
Article 395 Repeals ⭐ IMPORTANT
The Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the Government of India Act, 1935, together with all enactments amending or supplementing the latter Act, are hereby repealed.